Friday, March 19, 2010
世界末日种子库
世界末日种子库，又称“诺亚方舟种子库”，是指在距离北极点约1000 公里的挪威斯瓦尔巴群岛的一处山洞中的一个永久性的仓库，旨在防止植物因天灾人祸灭绝，为植物学家提供种子基因。约1 亿粒世界各地的农作物种子被保存在零下18 摄氏度的世界末日种子库中。
Doomsday seed bank, also known as "Noah's Ark seed bank" refers to the North Pole at a distance of about 1,000 km of the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago in a cave in a permanent repository, aimed at preventing the extinction of plants due to natural disasters for botanists to provide seed genes. About 100 million crop seeds from around the world were stored at minus 18 degrees Celsius doomsday seed bank.
Doomsday seed bank, also known as "Noah's Ark seed bank" refers to the North Pole at a distance of about 1,000 km of the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago in a cave in a permanent repository, aimed at preventing the extinction of plants due to natural disasters for botanists to provide seed genes. About 100 million crop seeds from around the world were stored at minus 18 degrees Celsius doomsday seed bank.
该种子库堪称全球最安全的基因储存库，其安全性堪比美国国家黄金储藏库，甚至可以抵御地震和核武器。2008年9、10月间，法国摄影师卡洛琳·波伦拍摄了把印度一农场的植物种子运到挪威“末日种子库”的全过程，这也是媒体记者首次走进这座神秘的 “植物诺亚方舟”。
The North Pole at a distance of about 1,000 km of the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago in a cave, there is a "doomsday vault": about 100 million crop seeds from around the world were stored in the cellar of minus 18 degrees Celsius.
The seed bank rated as the world's most secure gene bank storage, its safety comparable to the U.S. state gold storage, and even withstand an earthquake and nuclear weapons. 2008 9,10 months, the French photographer 卡洛琳波伦 shot one of India farm seeds transported to the Norwegian "doomsday seed bank" of the whole process, which is also the media for the first time walked into this mysterious "Plant Noah's Ark."
世界末日种子库
世界末日种子库构造图从外面看“世界末日种子库”，并不觉得它很大。但是当你走过那长约120 米的隧道，而四周都是凝结的冰霜，这时，你就会感觉到它的深不可测。
据法国摄影师卡洛琳·波伦回忆，穿过长长的隧道后，种子库工作人员让她穿上了厚厚的羽绒服。接着，她从一个稍微倾斜的踏板进入种子库的山洞入口，经过一条由钢筋水泥建成的、长约40 米的通道后，就到了种子库的“核心地带”：3 间并排的独立冷藏室，每间长27 米，宽9.5 米，高5 米。每个冷藏室的金属门上都覆盖着冰霜。三间冷藏室中，目前两间空置，一间已经贮藏超过1 亿粒种子。令人遗憾的是，没有人知道，在这间近300 平方米的储存室里，那些来自世界各地的种子是如何放置的。卡洛琳回忆说，当初她在与卡里·福勒商量拍摄权限时，福勒表示，她可以拍摄种子从种植基地到种子库建筑的任何镜头，但惟有冷藏室被禁止进入。
挪威人还给种子库取了另一个响亮的名字：“末日穹顶”。麦克说，之所以用“末日”来命名这个计划，这是因为基金会认为，人类如果不节制自己的行为，那么地球的末日可能真的会到来。而用“穹顶”一词则有三层含义：一是种子库位于北极，这里可以称得上是地球的“穹顶”；二是只有“穹顶”才是人们最后可以生存和呼吸的地方；三是希望这个种子库可以像人们搁置在“穹顶”上的东西一样，永远不会使用。
Doomsday seed bank structural map from the outside see "doomsday seed bank" does not think it much. But when you walk about 120 meters then the tunnel, but are surrounded by condensation of frost, when, you will feel it's unfathomable.
According to the French photographer 卡洛琳波伦 memories, through the long tunnel, the seed bank staff let her wear a thick down jacket. Then she tilted slightly from a pedal into the seed bank of the cave entrance, through a built from reinforced concrete, about 40 meters of the channel, they arrive at a seed bank of the "core zone": the independence of three side by side refrigerator, Each length is 27 meters wide and 9.5 meters, 5 meters high. The metal door of each refrigerator is covered with frost. 3 freezer, the current two vacant and one has already stored more than 100 million seeds. Unfortunately, no one knows that in this nearly 300 square meters of storage room, those from around the world is how the seeds planted. Carolyn recalls that when she was discussing with the Kalifule shooting permission, Fowler said that she can shoot the seeds from the plant base to the seed bank building of any lens, but only denied access to freezer.
Norwegian seed bank to take back to another famous name: "end dome." Mike said, use the term "doomsday" to name this program, it is because the Foundation believes that human beings if we do not moderate their behavior, then the end of the earth may actually come. Instead of "Dome" is there are three meanings: First, seed bank is located in the Arctic, where the earth can be called a "dome"; second, only the "Dome" is that people will finally be living and breathing place; third is hope that the seed bank can be set aside as people in the "dome" on the same thing, never used.
世界末日种子库 Vault
安全性堪比美国“金库”
世界末日种子库里的种子
世界末日种子库“世界末日种子库”的建造成本高达911 万美元，由挪威政府出资。超人的话是对的：如果要保证某物的安全，最好在北极的山脉上建造一个堡垒。斯瓦尔巴全球种子库或多或少采用了这种做法。”美国《时代周刊》杂志将这一种子库评选为2008 年“50 项最重要发明”时，对它的安全性也称赞有加。事实上，该种子库被誉为全球1400 多家种子银行的“最佳后援”。比如在伊拉克、阿富汗境内的种子库因为战争被破坏；2006 年，菲律宾一家种子库也因洪水毁于一旦。气候恶劣、寒冷、人迹罕至，所有这些对人类而言的不利因素，却让该种子库比其他种子库更加安全。种子库的外围是厚达1 米的水泥墙，库内备有防爆破门和两个密封舱。其安全性堪比美国肯塔基州国家黄金储藏库纳克斯堡，甚至可以抵御原子弹爆炸。
2008 年2 月，在种子库竣工前一周，当地发生了一次里氏6.2 级的地震，但种子库内的冷藏室却安然无恙。此外，由于种子库比海平面高出130 米，所以即使全球气候变暖，北极冰层融化，也难以将其淹没。
三把神秘钥匙
种子库工作人员麦克告诉卡洛琳，这间储藏室在建筑期间，一共只配了三把钥匙。其中，他的这把钥匙是卡里·福勒给他的，每次任务结束得立即还给卡里·福勒。据麦克推测，另外两把中的一把可能在挪威政府手中，最后一把钥匙的主人无人知晓。
在这里，人们不用担心种子库被盗。因为在斯瓦尔巴群岛，北极熊是恪尽职守的“巡逻员”。“在斯匹茨卑根岛，可以看见一块写有‘当心北极熊’的三角形路标，底色为黑色，上面画着一只白色北极熊，外部轮廓为红色。”据卡洛琳介绍。岛上的北极熊多达5000 多头，比人还多。加之岛上人口相对“稠密”的区域在岛的西部，在那里，住着几百户流动人家。而斯瓦尔巴全球种子库则位于岛的东部，周围常有北极熊出没。
据说，在种子库的建设时期，建设者们对北极熊恩威并施，又是喂食，又是持枪保卫，才和它们相安无事。在种子库门口，就竖立着一个巨型北极熊冰雕。
2008年3 月， 挪威王储马格那斯（Haakon Magnus）亲临该种子库。期间，他提出想亲眼看一看种子库的“核心地带”：储藏室，结果吃了闭门羹；10 月，继卡洛琳拍摄完种子库不久，美国前总统、85 岁高龄的吉米·卡特带着拯救世界基金会的工作人员来到这里，依然没能进入种子库的“心脏”。
Doomsday seed seed Curry
Doomsday seed bank "doomsday seed bank" of the construction cost as much as 9.11 million U.S. dollars, financed by the Norwegian Government. Superman's words were right: if you want to ensure the safety of something, preferably in the Arctic to build a fortress on the mountain. Svalbard Global Seed Vault or less adopted this practice. "America" Times "magazine named this seed bank in 2008," 50 of the most important inventions ", the security it is also praised for me. In fact, the seed bank known as the world's more than 1,400 seed banks the "best backup." For example, in Iraq and Afghanistan, the seed bank because of the war have been destroyed; in 2006, the Philippines, a seed bank is also destroyed by floods.
Bad weather, cold and inaccessible, all these unfavorable factors for humans, instead letting the seed bank is more secure than other seed bank. The outer seed bank is 1 meter thick concrete wall, with explosion-proof database broke, and two capsules. Their safety comparable to the United States, Kentucky state gold repository at Fort Knox, and even resist the atomic bomb.
In February 2008, before the completion of a week in the seed bank, where there was a magnitude 6.2 earthquake, but the seed bank of the cold room has been left untouched. In addition, seed bank 130 meters above sea level, so even if the global warming, the Arctic ice melts, it can hardly be submerged.
Three mysterious key
Seed bank of staff Mike told Caroline, this storage room in the construction period, with a total of only three keys. Among them, he's that key is Kalifule to him, the end of each mission were immediately returned to Kalifule. According to Mike speculated that the other two may be in a the hands of the Government of Norway, the last owner of a key unknown.
Here, people do not need worry about seed bank theft. Because in the Svalbard Islands, the polar bear is a due-diligence "patrol." "In the Spitz humble roots island, you can see one to write a 'Beware of the polar bear' triangular signs, the background is black, the top painted with a white polar bear, the external contour is red." Description, according to Caroline. Long island's polar bear as many as 5000, more than a man. Combined with the island population is relatively "dense" in the western region in the island, where hundreds of families lived flow of people. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is located on the eastern island, surrounded by
世界末日种子库里的种子
Doomsday seed seed Curry
疑虑
“这是一项极有意义的工程。不仅仅是挪威种子库本身的故事很吸引人，人们也想了解全球的种子是如何运送到这里的。”卡洛琳道出此次拍摄的目的。梅琳达·盖茨基金会的一位官员罗伊·斯坦纳尔曾说：“粮食对穷人的重要性实际上被忽略了。栗和豇豆之类的农作物受到的关注太少了。”因为没人照料它们，福勒把它们称为“农作物的孤儿”。联合国粮农组织的一份报告显示，目前全球有3/4 的农作物品种已在上世纪消失，其中80% 的玉米种类在上世纪30 年代不复存在。在美国，84% 的豌豆品种不再生长。
要想保存这些“末日种子”的活性，冷藏室中的温度必须保持在零摄氏度以下。由于配备了大型制冷空调设备，种子冷藏时能够常年保持零下18 摄氏度的低温。在这样的条件下，小麦、大麦和豌豆等重要农作物种子可持续保存长达1000年；而生存能力最长的高粱种子，大约能存放1.95 万年。
但是，并不是所有的种子都能在冷冻条件下贮藏的，被联合国粮农机构评为世界上第四重要的作物香蕉(仅次于水稻、小麦、玉米之后)就是一个例子。很多物种的种子都需要频繁更换，才能保证种子的“新鲜”、“可复制”。
“一些持气候变暖论的专家表示，植物基因可能比黄金更珍贵。在比利时，科学家把从全球收集来的香蕉样本贮藏在液氮设备中；同样的行动在法国也有，他们收集来自世界各地的咖啡种子。但是，对于部分热带的咖啡种子来说，它们是很难被保存的。”
Doubts
"This is a very meaningful project. Not just the story of the Norwegian seed vault itself is very attractive, people also want to know is how the seeds of the world delivered to here." Caroline tells the purpose of this film. Melinda Gates Foundation, an official 罗伊斯坦纳尔 said: "The importance of food for the poor are effectively ignored. Li and cowpea crops like the attention received by too few." Because No one take care of them, Fowler them as "orphan crops." The FAO report shows that the world has 3 / 4 of crop varieties have disappeared in the last century, of which 80% of the corn types in the last century no longer exist 30 years. In the United States, 84% of the pea varieties are no longer growing.
To save these "doomsday seed" activity, the temperature must be kept in the freezer at zero degrees Centigrade. As with a large refrigeration air-conditioning, refrigeration, when the seeds can be maintained all year round temperature of minus 18 degrees Celsius. Under such conditions, wheat, barley and peas, and other important for sustainable crop seeds to save up to 1000; and the sorghum seed viability of the longest, about 1.95 million years be able to store.
However, not all of the seeds can be stored in the freezer under the conditions, and by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization as the world's fourth most important crop banana (after rice, wheat, corn later) is an example. The seeds of many species need frequent replacement, in order to ensure the seeds of "fresh", "can be copied."
"Some hold the theory of climate warming, experts said, plant genes may be more precious than gold. In Belgium, the scientists from the world's banana samples collected in liquid nitrogen storage devices; the same action in France have, they collect from the world's around the coffee seeds. However, for some tropical coffee seed, they are difficult to be saved. "
用飞机向世界末日种子库运输种子
Aircraft to transport seed vault
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